Patterns of carnivores’ communication and potential significance for domestic dogs

Information can be conveyed as visual, tactile, vocal, olfactory or seismic signals (e.g. 5, 7, 9, 10). Different signalling modalities are present in different species, depending upon their sensory capacity and the environment where they evolved (1). For example, in a noisy environment visual display can have higher importance, while in nocturnal animals, animals that live in an environment with low visibility or blind animal species, vocal and olfactory communication may be more applicable (1, 9, 11).